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Popular Health Movement
The Popular Health Movement of the 1830s–1850s was an aspect of Jacksonian-era politics and society in the United States. The movement promoted a rational skepticism toward claims of medical expertise that were based on personal authority, and encouraged ordinary people to understand the pragmatics of health care.〔Paul Starr, ''The Social Transformation of American Medicine'' (Basic Books, 1982), p. 56; Joan Burbick, ''Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America'' (Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 35–37.〕 Arising in the spirit of Andrew Jackson's anti-elitist views,〔Barbara Cable Nienstedt, "The Federal Approach to Alternative Medicine: Quackbusting, or Complementing," in ''Alternative Therapies'' (Springer, 1998), p. 27 ( online. )〕 the movement succeeded in ending almost all government regulation of health care. During the first two decades of the 19th century, states had regularly enacted licensing legislation; by 1845, only three states still licensed medical doctors.〔Starr, ''The Social Transformation of American Medicine'', p. 58; Nienstedt, "The Federal Approach," p. 27.〕 Among the leading figures within the movement were Samuel Thomson and Sylvester Graham.〔Starr, ''The Social Transformation of American Medicine'', pp. 47 (online ) and 55ff.〕
==Principles==
Thomsonian medicine, characterized by Paul Starr as "a creative misreading of the Enlightenment,"〔Starr, ''The Social Transformation of American Medicine'', p. 53.〕 viewed therapeutics within the framework of political ideology. Thompson did not reject science ''per se'', but rather the control of knowledge by an elite who sought to mystify it. One Thomsonian writer asserted, "There can be no good reason for keeping us ignorant of the medicines we are compelled to swallow." In the Thomsonian view knowledge, which in a democracy ought to be available to all, was an element in class conflict.〔Starr, ''The Social Transformation of American Medicine'', pp. 51ff.〕
Egalitarian politics was thus a driving force in the Popular Health Movement, as articulated for instance throughout the writings of John C. Gunn:
political equality becomes synonymous with 'equality in knowledge,' and tyranny is fought by the 'equalization of useful intelligence' among American citizens … . Health becomes crucial in these Jacksonian equations because, without health, intelligence, the building block of republican government, becomes impaired and feeble. Citizens must be healthy in order to be politically free.〔Burbick, ''Healing the Republic'', p. 37.〕
Gunn emphasized an active relationship between physician and patient in the form of dialogue, directed toward understanding sickness in the context of the individual's psychology and everyday habits.〔Burbick, ''Healing the Republic'', p. 37.〕 Although Gunn was a proponent of common sense and believed that ordinary people could understand practical medicine, his thinking was hierarchical in affirming the authority of professional doctors.〔Burbick, ''Healing the Republic'', pp. 35–37.〕 Edward Bliss Foote, who was among those arrested under the Comstock laws for advocating and selling contraceptive devices, titled one of his books ''Medical Common Sense'', for which he advocated from the first sentence of the preface:
'Common Sense,' I am aware, is quoted at a discount; especially by the medical profession, which proverbially ignores everything that has not the mixed odor of incomprehensibility and antiquity. Medical works are generally a heterogeneous compound of vague ideas and jaw-breaking words, in which the ''dead'' languages are largely employed to treat of ''living'' subjects.〔Edward Bliss Foote, ''Medical Common Sense; Applied to the Causes, Prevention, and Cure of Chronic Diseases and Unhappiness in Marriage'' (New York, 1868, rev. ed.), p. iii, full text available (online. )〕
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